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Wednesday 22 May 2013

Experiment 5: Experiment Using Lipid.

1. Saponification of Triglycerides

Objective:

       To calculate saponification number
I

Introduction:
Saponification is the hydrolysis of fats or oils under basic conditions to afford glycerol and the salt of the corresponding fatty acid. In saponification, a water molecule is removed from a fatty acid or an ester. Sodium stearate, sodium oleate or sodium palmitate is formed. It is precipitated from the solution by addition of NaCl. The addition makes the sodium salt of fatty acid partially insoluble in water and the product then separates out of the solution the remaining solution has glycerol and sodium chloride. 


Apparatus and Materials
Corn oil
Solvent
0.5M KOH
Phenolphthalein
0.5M HCl

Procedure







Result:


Sample
Volume of HCl used (litre)
Molarity of KOH  x volume of HCl
Mol of reacted KOH (Mol KOH)
Saponification number =  Mol KOH x 56.1 x 103
Blank
Test
Blank
Test
Palm oil
0.0250
0.0245
0.0125
0.01225
0.0003
14.0 g
Corn oil
0.0260
0.0240
0.0130
0.0120
0.0010
56.1 g
Sunflower oil
0.0270
0.0220
0.0140
0.0110
0.0030
168.3 g









Discussion:  

This week, an experiment on lipid can be divided into two parts. The first part is a saponification of triglycerides where the saponification number is measured. Saponification number is equal to the measurement of the amount of KOH required to complete the hydrolysis of one gram of fat or oil. For the second experiment, an application on making soap is conducted.
            For the first experiment, three types of oils/triglycerides (palm oil, corn oil and sunflower oil) have been used. These triglycerides were tested with HCl solution with the presence of KOH and solvent via the titration process. Other than that, a blank was used as a control for this experiment. The blank consist of KOH and solvent, with the absence of triglyceride. Then the two solutions were compared, which solutions required a larger amount of 0.5M HCl to neutralize the samples from pink to colorless, either blank sample or test sample. From the result obtained, proved that blanks samples utilized larger volume of HCl for neutralization while test samples that contained triglycerides required smaller amount of HCl for neutralization. For an experiment on palm oil, 0.0250 L of HCL has been used to neutralize the blank whereas 0.0245 L of HCl were used to neutralize the test sample. Second experiment on corn oil, 0.0260 L of HCl is able to neutralize the blank sample while only 0.0240 L of HCl is able to neutralize the test sample. Next, an experiment on sunflower oil shown that 0.0270 L is used to neutralize the blank while the test sample required 0.0220 L HCl for neutralization to be occurred.
            As the mol of reacted KOH is known, then the saponification number of each sample can be calculated by using the formula provided. Noted that when the saponification number of a sample is high, means the carbon chain of the fatty acid in the triglycerides is short. The results shown that sunflower oil has the highest saponification number, followed by corn oil and palm oil with the values of 168.3 g, 56.1 g and 14.0 g. However, the results of corn oil and palm oil was not correct and deviated from the actual values, while the saponification number of sunflower oil was quite elevated from the actual value. The results might be altered due to the parallax error while conducting the experiment. The possible error which is obvious was while set up a reflux condenser on the blank sample, right after conducting a test sample’s experiment. The blank sample might be contaminated with the test sample’s solution that contain triglycerides. As we know, triglycerides was difficult to be removed unless soap or detergent is used. However, after test sample’s experiment is done, the flask was not rinsed thoroughly and no detergent was available. Hence, contamination between solutions did occur and alter the results totally. The actual saponification number of corn oil is 136g while the actual saponification number of palm oil is 141g, and the actual saponification number for sunflower oil is 134 g.  
            By comparing the actual saponification number of all triglycerides, palm oil has the highest value, followed by corn oil and sunflower oil. Conversely, sunflower oil has the longest chain of carbon, followed by corn oil and palm oil with the shortest carbon chain. As stated before, sample with the lowest saponification number has the longest carbon chain. This is because,  longest chain has greater bond weight but less fattty acid weight, thus less KOH is needed to hydrolyze the fatty acid and this lead to the small saponification value.


Conclusion

Saponification number is determined by measuring  the amount of KOH required to complete the hydrolysis of one gram of fat or oil. Saponification number for corn oil is 56.1g. When saponification number of a sample is high, the carbon chain of the fatty acid in the triglycerides is short. So, the carbon chain of fatty acid in the triglycerides for corn oil is shorter than palm oil and longer than sun flower oil.


2. Application : Making Soap

Objective:
·         To make soap from corn oil.
Introduction:

Soap is a combination of animal fat or plant oil and caustic soda. When dissolved in water, it breaks dirt away from surfaces. Through the ages soap has been used to cleanse, to cure skin sores, to dye hair and as a salve or skin ointment. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides, three molecules of fatty acids are attached to a single molecule of glycerol. The alkaline solution, which is often called lye brings about a chemical reaction known as saponification. In saponification, the fats are first hydrolyzed into free fatty acids which then combine with the alkali to form crude soap. Glycerol is liberated and is either left in or washed out and recovered as a useful byproduct. Today we generally use soap as a cleanser or perfume. Soap requires two major raw materials, fat and alkali. The alkali most commonly used today is sodium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide can also be used. Potassium-based soap creates a more water-soluble product than sodium-based soap, and so it is called "soft soap." Soft soap, alone or in combination with sodium-based soap, is commonly used in shaving products.
            In this experiment, we have to make a soap by using corn oil. The alkali solution that we use is sodium hydroxide.

Apparatus and materials:
·         60 ml of 6 M NaOH solution
·         17.5 g of corn oil
·         12.5 ml distilled water
·         50 ml hot sodium chloride solution
·         100 ml graduated cylinder
·         Stirring rod
·         400 ml beaker
·         250 ml beaker
·         Hot plate
·         Electronic balance


Methods:


Result:



The soap from the corn oil

Discussion:
In this experiment we prepare soap from vegetable oil (corn oil, coconut oil and palm oil.). Vegetable oils are esters of carboxylic acids; they have a high molecular weight and contain the alcohol, glycerol. Chemically, these fats and oils are called triglycerides. The principal acids in animal fats and vegetable oils can be prepared from the natural triglycerides by alkaline hydrolysis (saponification). The natural acids are rarely of a single type in any given fat or oil. In fact, a single triglyceride molecule in a fat may contain three different acid residues (R1COOH, R2COOH, R3COOH), and not every triglyceride in the substance will be identical. Each fat or oil, however, has a characteristic statistical distribution of the various types of acids possible.
            The fats and oils that are most common in soap preparations are lard and tallow from coconut, palm, and corn oil from vegetable sources. The length of hydrocarbon chain and the number of double bonds in the carboxylic acid portion of the fat or oil determine the properties of the resulting soap. For example, a salt of a saturated long-chain acid makes a harder, more insoluble soap. Chain length also affects solubility. Tallow is the principal fatty material used in making soap. The solid fats of cattle are melted with steam, and the tallow layer formed at the top is removed. Soap makers usually blend tallow with coconut oil and saponify this mixture. The resulting soap contains mainly the salts of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids from the tallow, and the salts of lauric and myristic acids from the coconut oil. The coconut oil is added to produce a softer, more soluble soap. 
Pure coconut oil yields a soap that is very soluble in water. The soap contains essentially the salt of lauric acid with some myristic acid. It is so soft (soluble) that it will lather even in seawater.Palm oil contains mainly two acids, palmitic acid and oleic acid, in about equal amounts. Saponification of this oil yields a soap that is an important constituent of toilet soaps. Corn oil contains mainly oleic acid. It is used to prepare Castile soap, named after the region in Spain in which it was first made.


Conclusions:
As a conclusion for this experiment, the alkaline solution that we used, sodium hydroxide which is often called lye brings about a chemical reaction known as saponification. In saponification, the fats which is corn oil are first hydrolyzed into free fatty acids which then combine with the alkali to form crude soap.

Questions:                                
1.      What is the relationship between saponification and the phase of triglyceride?
For any chemical reaction to occur, including saponification, it is necessary for the reactants to be in the same phase (in this case, aqueous or organic). Hydroxide will almost entirely exist in the aqueous phase, and the triglyceride will be almost entirely in the organic phase. Increasing stirring will create more interface for the reaction to proceed, and, as the reaction goes, we will be producing glycerin and fatty acid salts, which can have appreciable solubility in both phases. Thus, the reagents will increase in concentration in the phase most favored by the other as the reaction progresses. To answer this, we need to understand that we need to keep in mind the first sentence and remember that the higher the concentration of the reactants, the more opportunity they have to react and the faster the reaction will go.
                                 
2.      Why do triglycerides with longer fatty acids have a lower saponification number than those with shorter fatty acids?
Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids linked to glycerol by fatty acyl esters (-O-CO-R). The fatty acids may be saturated (no C=C double bonds) or unsaturated. Liquid triglycerides are oils, while solid triglycerides are fats. Saponification; by heating a triglyceride in aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) the fatty acyl esters can be cleaved off (hydrolysis) leaving behind glycerol and the potassium salt of the fatty acid. The process is called “saponification” (or soap formation) since the potassium salts of fatty acids are in fact “soaps”.
The “saponification number” is used as an indicator of fatty acid chain length in triglycerides. The value is simply a measurement of the ml of KOH required to complete the hydrolysis of one gram of fat or oil. Triglycerides containing long fatty acids will have a lower saponification number than triglycerides with shorter fatty acids -since 1 gram of lipid containing long chains will have less chains in total than 1 gram of lipid containing short chains.
Saponification value (or "saponification number", also referred to as "sap" in short) represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide required to saponify 1g of fat under the conditions specified. It is a measure of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of all the fatty acids present. As most of the mass of a fat/triester is in the 3 fatty acids, it allows for comparison of the average fatty acid chain length.


3.      Why is the difference in the molar amount of HCl used to neutralize the control and the amount of HCl used to neutralize the sample equivalent to the molar amount of KOH used to saponify the test sample?
HCl+ KOH                           KCl + H2O

Strong Acid +Strong Base Salt + Water
Because one mole of HCl reacts with 1 mole of KOH. Thus the test sample will require more acid to neutralize it because it contains more alkali than the control. Since it is a 1:1 reaction, the moles of HCl and KOH are equivalent

4.      Why do soaps disperse grease?
Part of the soap is soluble with grease and part of it is soluble with water. Soap combines with both grease and water and washes away in a shower. Combine the two and get rid of the both. Part of the soap molecule is similar to grease and combines, with grease, another part of the soap molecule easily combines with water. Soap is a surfactant and combines with both grease and water.

References:

Saponification. Retrieved May 19, 2013, from http://home.pacific.net.au/~thambilton/Saponification.html

Soap. Retrieved on May 19, 2013 from http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Soap.html#ixzz2TsF9z9QC
Soap. Retrieved on May 19, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap